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<title>Grantha script</title>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Grantha script<br><div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009024055">

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</style><span class="script-grantha">𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">The word 'Grantha' in modern Grantha typeface</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7th century CE – present (excluding <a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava Grantha</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="Sanskrit_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit Language">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Grantha script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a><br><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a><br><a href="Thirke" title="Thirke">Thirke</a><br><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a><br><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a>, <a href="Old_Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mon script">Old Mon</a>, <a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>, <a href="Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a>, <a href="Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">Gran</span> <span class="monospaced">(343)</span>, Grantha</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Grantha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11300.pdf">U+11300–U+1137F</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

The <a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a>

<ul><li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kamarupi_script" title="Kamarupi script">Kamarupi</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a>

<ul><li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a>

<ul><li>Marchung</li>

<li>Pungs-chen</li>

<li>Pungs-chung</li>

<li>Drusha</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;">

<ul><li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup>

<ul><li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a>

<ul><li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Pwo_alphabet" title="Western Pwo alphabet">Western Pwo Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i>

<li><a href="Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li>

<li><a href="Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>The <b>Grantha script</b> (<a href="Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥𑌲𑌿𑌪𑌿</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">granthalipi</i></span>; <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">கிரந்த எழுத்து</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Granta eḻuttu</i></span>; <a href="Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Malayalam">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">granthalipi</i></span>) is a classical <a href="South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> <a href="Brahmic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic script">Brahmic script</a>, found particularly in <a href="Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Originating from the <a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Grantha script is related to <a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a> and <a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> scripts. The modern <a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a> of Kerala is a direct descendant of the Grantha script.<sup id="cite_ref-salomon1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salomon1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southeast Asian and Indonesian scripts such as <a href="Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a> and <a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a> respectively, as well as South Asian and Sri Lankan scripts such as <a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a><sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhalese scripts</a> respectively, are derived or closely related to Grantha through the early Pallava script.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1975p12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1975p12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HerbertMilner1989_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerbertMilner1989-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pallava script or Pallava Grantha emerged in the 4th century CE and was used until the 7th century CE, in India.<sup id="cite_ref-griffiths_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffiths-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diringer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early Grantha script was used to write <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts, inscriptions on copper plates and stones of Hindu temples and monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-britgrantha_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britgrantha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salomon1998_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salomon1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used for classical <a href="Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a> – a language that is a blend of Sanskrit and Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From it evolved Middle Grantha by the 7th century, and Transitional Grantha by about the 8th century, which remained in use until about the 14th century. Modern Grantha has been in use since the 14th century and into the modern era, to write classical texts in Sanskrit and Dravidian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-britgrantha_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britgrantha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salomon1998_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salomon1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to chant hymns and in traditional Vedic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Tamil purist movement of the colonial era sought to purge the Grantha script from use and use the Tamil script exclusively. According to Kailasapathy, this was a part of Tamil nationalism and amounted to regional ethnic chauvinism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <i>grantha</i> is literally 'a knot'.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonnell_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonnell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a word that was used for books, and the script used to write them. This stems from the practice of binding inscribed palm leaves using a length of thread held by knots. Grantha was widely used to write Sanskrit in the Tamil-speaking parts of <a href="South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> from about the 5th century CE into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-britgrantha_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britgrantha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salomon1998_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salomon1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The Grantha script was also historically used for writing Manipravalam, a blend of Tamil and Sanskrit which was used in the exegesis of Manipravalam texts. This evolved into a fairly complex writing system which required that Tamil words be written in the Tamil script and Sanskrit words be written in the Grantha script. By the 15th century, this had evolved to the point that both scripts would be used within the same word – if the root was derived from Sanskrit it would be written in the Grantha script, but any Tamil suffixes which were added to it would be written using the Tamil script. This system of writing went out of use when Manipravalam declined in popularity, but it was customary to use the same convention in printed editions of texts originally written in Manipravalam until the middle of the 20th century.

</p><p>In modern times, the <a href="Tamil-Grantha_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil-Grantha script">Tamil-Grantha script</a> is used in religious contexts by Tamil-speaking <a href="Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>. For example, they use the script to write a child's name for the first time during the naming ceremony, for the Sanskrit portion of <a href="South_Asian_wedding_card" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian wedding card">traditional wedding cards</a>, and for announcements of a person's last rites. It is also used in many religious almanacs to print traditional formulaic summaries of the coming year.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Grantha">Types of Grantha</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pallava_Grantha">Pallava Grantha</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a></div>

<p>An archaic and ornamental variety of Grantha is sometimes referred to as Pallava Grantha. It was used by the Pallava in some inscriptions from the 4th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-griffiths_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffiths-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 7th century CE, in India.<sup id="cite_ref-diringer_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are the <a href="Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Mamallapuram</a> <a href="Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a> Rock Cut Cave Inscriptions and Kailasantha Inscription.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Grantha">Middle Grantha</h3></div>

<p>Middle Grantha first appeared in the Kuram copper plates, dating from around 675 CE, and was used until the end of the 8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-britgrantha_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britgrantha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diringer_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_Grantha">Transitional Grantha</h3></div>

<p>Transitional Grantha is traceable from the 8th or 9th century CE, until around the 14th century CE. The Tulu-Malayalam script is derivative of Transitional Grantha dating to the 8th or 9th century CE, which later split into two distinct scripts – <a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a> and <a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britgrantha_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britgrantha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diringer_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Grantha">Modern Grantha</h3></div>

<p>Grantha in the present form dates from the 14th century CE. The oldest modern manuscript has been dated to the end of the 16th century CE. Two varieties are found in modern era Grantha texts: the 'Brahmanic' or square form used by Hindus, and the 'Jain' or round form used by Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-britgrantha_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britgrantha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diringer_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Grantha_2">Modern Grantha</h2></div>

<p>The Grantha script has evolved over time, and shares similarities with the modern Tamil Script.<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

<p>As in other <a href="Brahmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic">Brahmic</a> scripts Grantha consonant signs have an <a href="Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>, typically corresponding to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, so, for example, the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌕</span>⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span>.

</p>

<caption>Consonants

</caption>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_clusters">Consonant clusters</h3></div>

<p>Grantha has two ways of representing consonant clusters. Sometimes, consonants in a cluster may form ligatures.

</p>

<caption>Consonant cluster ligatures

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<p>Ligatures are normally preferred whenever they exist. If no ligatures exist, "stacked" forms of consonants are written, just as in Kannada and Telugu, with the lowest member of the stack being the only "live" consonant and the other members all being vowel-less. Note that ligatures may be used as members of stacks also.

</p>

<caption>Stacked consonants

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<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-grantha"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑌗𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌵</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">gdhva</i></span></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_few_special_cases">A few special cases</h4></div>

<ul><li>When <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌯</span>⟩</span>, <i>ya</i> is the final consonant in a cluster, it is written as a ya-phala <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑍍𑌯</span>⟩</span>.</li>

<li>When a cluster contains a non-initial <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌰</span>⟩</span>, <i>ra</i>, it becomes a <i>ra-vattu</i>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑍍𑌰</span>⟩</span>.</li>

<li>When a cluster begins with a <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌰</span>⟩</span>, <i>ra</i>, it becomes a <i>reph</i> and is shifted to the end of the cluster.</li>

<li>If a cluster contains both a <i>reph</i> and a <i>ya-phala</i>, the <i>ya-phala</i> is written last.</li></ul>

<caption>Consonant clusters with <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑍍𑌯</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑍍𑌰</span>⟩</span>, and <i>reph</i>.

</caption>

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<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-grantha"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑌙𑍍𑌗𑍍𑌰𑍍𑌯</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">ṅgrya</i></span></div>

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<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-grantha"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑌦𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌯</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">ddhya</i></span></div>

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<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-grantha"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑌰𑍍𑌦𑍍𑌧</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">rddha</i></span></div>

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<td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><span class="script-grantha"><span style="font-size:150%;">𑌰𑍍𑌦𑍍𑌵𑍍𑌯</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">rdvya</i></span></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_syllables">Vowels and syllables</h3></div>

<p>Grantha includes five long vowels, five short vowels, two vocalic consonants, ṛ and ḷ which are treated as vowels and may be short or long, and two part-vowels, <i>anusvara</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">◌𑌂</span>⟩</span> ṁ and <i>visarga</i>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">◌𑌃</span>⟩</span> ḥ. Independent vowel letters are used for word-initial vowels. Otherwise, vowels, vocalics, and part-vowels are written as diacritics attached to consonants. Each consonant in Grantha includes an inherent vowel <i>a</i>, so the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌕</span>⟩</span>, for example, is pronounced ka. Adding a vowel diacritic modifies the vowel sound, so <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌕</span>⟩</span> plus the diacritic <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌓</span>⟩</span>, gives the syllable <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌕𑍋</span>⟩</span>, <i>ko</i>. The absence of a vowel is marked with a <a href="Vir%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Virāma">virāma</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">◌𑍍</span>⟩</span>, for example, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌕</span>⟩</span> <span title="ISO transliteration"><span>ka</span></span> plus <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">◌𑍍</span>⟩</span> creates an isolated consonant <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌕𑍍</span>⟩</span> <i>k</i>.

</p>

<caption>Short vowels, vocalics, half vowels, diacritics, and examples with <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌕</span>⟩</span>, ka.

</caption>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-virama-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-virama_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>virama</i> has no independent form because it is not a vowel. It is a diacritic that <i>suppresses</i> a letter's inherent vowel, leaving an isolated consonant.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-anusvara-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anusvara_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anusvara_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>anusvara</i> and <i>visarga</i> have no independent forms because they can only modify a syllable's vowel.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-a-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The vowel <i>a</i> has no corresponding diacritic since every consonant carries an inherent <i>a</i>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<caption>Long vowels, their diacritics, and examples with <span class="nowrap">⟨<span class="script-grantha">𑌮</span>⟩</span>, ma.

</caption>

</th>

</th>

</th>

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</td>

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</td>

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<p>There are a few <a href="Typographical_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographical ligature">ligatures</a> of consonants with vowel <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> and of consonants with <i>virāma</i>.

</p>

</td>

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</td>

</td>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h3></div>

<dl><dt>Sanskrit in Grantha Script</dt></dl>

<p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa"><span class="script-grantha">𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌵𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑍍𑌵𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌮𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌗𑍌𑌰𑌵𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌅𑌧𑌿𑌕𑌾𑌰𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌚 𑌸𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌏𑌵 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇। 𑌏𑌤𑍇 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌚𑍇𑌤𑌨𑌾-𑌤𑌰𑍍𑌕-𑌶𑌕𑍍𑌤𑌿𑌭𑍍𑌯𑌾𑌂 𑌸𑍁𑌸𑌮𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌨𑍍𑌤𑌿। 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇𑌽𑌪𑌿 𑌬𑌨𑍍𑌧𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌵-𑌭𑌾𑌵𑌨𑌯𑌾 𑌪𑌰𑌸𑍍𑌪𑌰𑌂 𑌵𑍍𑌯𑌵𑌹𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍁।</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>Latin script transliteration</dt></dl>

<p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">Sarvē mānavāḥ svatantrāḥ samutpannāḥ vartantē api ca, gauravadr̥śā adhikāradr̥śā ca samānāḥ ēva vartantē. Ētē sarvē cētanā-tarka-śaktibhyāṁ susampannāḥ santi. Api ca, sarvē´pi bandhutva-bhāvanayā parasparaṁ vyavaharantu.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>English</dt></dl>

<p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

(Article 1 of the <a href="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_South_Indian_and_Sri_Lankan_scripts">Comparison with other South Indian and Sri Lankan scripts</h2></div>

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</style>

<caption>Comparison of some Grantha letters with <a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a>, <a href="Sinhalese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese script">Sinhalese</a>, and <a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a>

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<th scope="row">Grantha

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<th scope="row">Malayalam

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.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}

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</style><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ക</span></span></div>

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<th scope="row">Sinhalese

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<th scope="row">Tamil

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Grantha_(Unicode_block)" title="Grantha (Unicode block)">Grantha (Unicode block)</a></div>

<p>Grantha script was added to the <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Grantha is U+11300–U+1137F:

</p>

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="Grantha_(Unicode_block)" title="Grantha (Unicode block)">Grantha</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}

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</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11300_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U11300_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11300_grey"><a href="#endnote_U11300_grey">[2]</a></sup><br><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11300.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)

</td></tr>

<td style="width:20pt">F

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1130x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1131x

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<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1132x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1133x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1134x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1135x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1136x

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<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1137x

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<tr>

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b>

<dl><dd>1.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11300_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U11300_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd>

<dd>2.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11300_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U11300_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_with_Tamil">Unification with Tamil</h3></div>

<p>Some proposed to reunify <a href="Extended_Tamil_script" title="Extended Tamil script">Grantha and Tamil</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the proposal triggered discontent by some.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the sensitivity involved, it was determined that the two scripts should not be unified, except for the numerals.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMirzaGottardo2019" class="citation book cs1">Mirza, Amna; Gottardo, Alexandra (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4_17">"Learning to Read in Their Heritage Language: Hindi-English Speaking Children Reading Two Different Orthographies"</a>. <i>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">329–</span>351. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-05977-4_17">10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4_17</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-030-05977-4</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-salomon1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salomon1998_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salomon1998_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salomon1998_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salomon1998_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Salomon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>42. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-omniglot-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omniglot_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omniglot_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/grantha.htm">"Grantha alphabet for Sanskrit"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Casparis1975p12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casparis1975p12_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._de_Casparis1975" class="citation book cs1">J. G. de Casparis (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-04172-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HerbertMilner1989-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HerbertMilner1989_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_HerbertAnthony_Crothers_Milner1989" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Herbert; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EqbeRzdDrsC&pg=PA127"><i>South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>129. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8248-1267-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Yves_ManguinA._ManiGeoff_Wade2011" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Yves Manguin; A. Mani; Geoff Wade (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuCYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA306"><i>Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">283–</span>285, <span class="nowrap">306–</span>309. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-4311-16-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-griffiths-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-griffiths_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffiths_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArlo2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Griffiths" title="Griffiths">Arlo, Guy</a> (2014). "Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia". In guy, john (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6301451"><i>Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early South east Asia</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781588395245</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-diringer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1948" class="citation book cs1">Diringer, David (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287"><i>Alphabet a key to the history of mankind</i></a>. p. 411.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-britgrantha-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britgrantha_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britgrantha_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britgrantha_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britgrantha_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britgrantha_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britgrantha_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Grantha-alphabet">"Grantha alphabet (writing system) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_CiottiHang_Lin2016" class="citation book cs1">Giovanni Ciotti; Hang Lin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ezCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>Tracing Manuscripts in Time and Space through Paratexts</i></a>. Walter De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-11-047901-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788131711200</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Kailasapathy (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3516775">The Tamil Purist Movement: A Re-evaluation</a>, Social Scientist, Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 23-27</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-macdonnell-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macdonnell_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1997" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (31 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wM-dNOa7fMC"><i>A History of Sanskrit Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 15. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-208-0035-9</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efele.net/udhr/d/udhr_san_gran.html">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Sanskrit (Grantha)"</a>. <i>UDHR in XML Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="omni" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/grantha.htm">"Grantha alphabet for Sanskrit"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, Shriramana. (2010a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10256r-extended-tamil.pdf"><i>Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil</i>.</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, Shriramana. (2010b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10379--extended-tamil.pdf"><i>Follow-up to Extended Tamil proposal L2/10-256R</i>.</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eraiyarasan, B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11055-tamil-grantha.pdf"><i>Dr. B.Eraiyarasan’s comments on Tamil Unicode And Grantham proposals</i>.</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nalankilli, Thanjai. (2018). Attempts to "Pollute" Tamil Unicode with Grantha Characters. <i>Tamil Tribune</i>. Retrieved 13 May 2019 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030655/http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030655/http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of India. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10409-grantha-meeting-sum.pdf"><i>Unicode Standard for Grantha Script</i>.</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>Grünendahl, Reinhold. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianScriptsInSanskritManuscriptsAndPrintsGrunendalh/"><i>South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts And Prints</i></a>. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-447-04504-3</bdi></li>

<li>Venugopalan, K. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907004129/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/dig_toc.html?BOOKID=PK419.V468_1983"><i>A primer in Grantha characters</i></a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grantha_script" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Grantha script">Grantha script</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/grantha.html">Quick facts about Grantha at AncientScripts.com</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/grantha.htm">Article at Omniglot</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111183842/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm">Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department – Grantha Webpage</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D">Digitised Grantha Books</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualvinodh.com/grantha-lipitva">Online Tutorial for Grantha Script</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/380382710/Prarambha-Grantha-English">Learn Grantha Basics</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>